The Colonial Influence on Sri Lankan Society and on Hill Country

Chapter ONE: 1.0 Colonial ere and hill state. 1.1 The colonial influence and its impacts on Sri Lankan society. The traditional Sri Lankan society was chiefly based on Buddhism as the faith, agribusiness as the chief tenancy and the caste oriented opinion system. The kingship pattern disposal system was dominated the land and throne was decidedly entitled to a Buddhist. The Buddhist monastic was really of import in the opinion system through the male monarch. Peoples chosen really simple and low life form and the society were chiefly disciplined by Buddhist doctrine. Basically, traditional Sri Lankan society was peaceable, generous and merely due to long term influence of Buddhism. The basic and likely the lone economic activity of the common multitudes were paddy and other grain cultivation. Other than that they had merely really few demands due to their really simple life form and they were really easy to fulfill with really limited resources in the state. That type of life form can be identified as self-sufficing economical system. Social construction had a strong order with the feudal system predominating in dominant mode. All the lands were chiefly belongs to the male monarch and the male monarch gave them harmonizing to his favour. The lands can be divided consequently to their ownership and the responsibility towards the male monarch. The basic types were as given below. 1. â€Å" Ninda Gam † – The lands donated by the male monarch to his authorities retainers. The crop belongs to the proprietors and can be changed the ownership harmonizing to the household. 2. â€Å" Gabada Gam † – The lands separated for male monarchs usage and the people who cultivate on those lands should give part to the castle. Besides people should make responsibilities to the male monarch and to the castle. 3. â€Å" Vihara Gam † – The lands given to the Buddhist temples by the male monarch and there people who had to cultivate on them and besides the crop should split in to two. 4. â€Å" Devala Gam † – The lands given to devala by the male monarch. It is clear that the ownership of the lands goes to the male monarch and land was the foundation of the male monarch right to the service and part of the people and vise versa. â€Å" Although the Ceylon litoral had since the early sixteenth century been successfully by Portuguese, Dutch and British. The kandyan land maintained its independency under the male monarchs from Wimaladarmasuriya 1 ( reg-AD 1591-1604 ) to the temperament of Sri Wikrama Rajasinghe by British in 1815 † ( Prof. Nimal De Silva- Architect journal-1990 ) The Kandyan period was rich with powerful male monarchs like Rajasinghe two who succeeded subverting the Lusitanian with the aid of the Dutch. The disposal system was really powerful that the influence of it on the common multitudes was really great. As historiographers shows the Portuguese was the first Europeans who came to the Srilanka every bit early as 1505 and accordingly were succeeded by Dutch. Both of above encroachers were able to capture the maritime states of Sri Lanka and they were established their ain authoritiess. The Portuguese introduced Roman catholism and Dutch the adopted their judicial disposal system which is still remain in Srilanka as Roman-Dutch jurisprudence. The hill state subjected to important alterations during the British period. The huge influence of British disposal spread over the full society because they established their authorization allover the land. They were wholly succeeded in making a westernized value system. Catholism was treated as the province faith and the Buddhism was overpowered by the catholism. The Sinhalese were forced to encompass catholism by offering particular privileges to those who did so. English instruction spread through out the state and people were taught to believe as British and to esteem their values. The British were successfully created a class of Sinhalese in really facet of life built in skin color. 1.2 Colonial influence on architecture of hill state. The colonial had really closed fond regard with hill state and people of hill state. It is because they identified the clime of the hill state was so familiar to the clime of their state. So they began to take hill state to pass their reposeful yearss and that created figure of personal businesss with local adult female on hill state. These types of closer fond regards causes to the important alterations in socio-cultural and economic background of the hill state. 1.2.1 Socio-culture and economic background of the colonial period in Hill state. A societal difference had begun to originate between Sinhalese of low state and hill state. Kandyan had a sense of pride natured by the fact that they had retained their political independency and they begun to look at the low state Sinhalese who had fallen quarry of christianism and other western influences, with dubious oculus. That causes to split Sinhalese in to two culturally different classs. Harmonizing to the historiographers after the invading of the Kandyan land in 1815AD the British intentionally attempted to diminish the power of Sinhala headsmans ‘s, in order to destruct the forming power of Sinhalese. As a trap they identified the spread between up state and low state. Then the British were strengthened the spread and destroyed the harmoniousness of the Srilankan society. The British identified the demand of a reform in the bing disposal system in order to reconstruct and keep their jurisprudence and order over the Island on a long term. Two incidents that promote d these reforms where the 1797-98 rebellion in maritime States and 1817-18 rebellion of Kandyan state. Harmonizing to the history, more basic alterations took topographic point in the 1830s largely due to the reform initiated by the Colebrook Cameron committee which visited the state in 1829-30. They learn towards western signifiers of disposal based on money economic system and free endeavor, alternatively of the feudalist system that was predominating. After the recommendation of the Colebrook Cameron committee most of the authorities monopolies was given up and stairss were taken to sell the authoritiess lands known as ‘Gabada Gama † . They were sold in auction and it permitted in persons to originate the procedure of land purchase. Freehold right of land extended significantly. In the interim, rapid development took topographic point in the physical substructure of the state. The Colombo-Kandy main road was completed by 1832 and the route web became one of the most important and economically considerable characteristics. This web was sonly supplemented with the postal and telegraph services. Colombo-Kandy railroad was completed by the twelvemonth 1867 and later encompassed a milage of 713 by the twelvemonth 1924. Reasonably subsequently in 1880 the Colombo seaport was developed. These reform and development provided a huge scope of economical and employment chances in Sri Lanka. Some of the of import capital investing and economic enterprisers used their wealth to give their kids a good English instruction in the best school of the state and higher instruction abroad. Srilankan who finished the school instruction were absorbed to the disposal system as clerks, civil retainers and etc: these Srilankans were really happy with these occupations because they provide them good populating criterion, socially acceptableness and secured hereafter. The new middle-classes of the Srilankan society emerged out of them. The freshly emerged categories consolidated their position with the aid of the British authorities. In that sense they were really grateful to British swayers. They were heartlessly condemned every thing covering with Srilankan traditional civilization. They chosen catholism to Buddhism as a more modern faith ; spoke merely in English and thirstily follow ed anything linked with British in order to foreground them egos as westernized quality of local over the traditional Srilankan society. 1.3 History of plantation industry. The Arabs were introduced the java works to Srilankan and Southern India at first clip, subsequently Srilankans begun to grew the java widely in the gardens and was besides planted around the temples. During the Portuguese captured the Srilanka from 1505 to 1655 no effort was made to cultivate the works. As historiographers mentioned in their paperss the Dutch were started to cultivate certain harvests such as cinnamon and java at 1740. How of all time the first java plantation was unluckily started in the tropical low state about 10 stat mis off from the Galle, on land closer to Baddegamuwa on Gindura River. Because of the tropical clime the first effort was unsuccessful. There after they came to the Kandy territory in hill state, as the clime looks more suited for the java cultivation. Harmonizing to the historiographers the first java works was placed by Sir Edward Banns in 1823 under the British authorities. Meanwhile the Ceylone became the universe ‘s largest java manufacturer. There were some major grounds had identified as the grounds for the accomplishment of the java industry. 1. Coffee cultivation really popular among Europeans. 2. The sudden failure in java production in West Indies islands. The java industry in Srilanka had reached its highest extremum in 1868 harmonizing to the history. Then there was a sudden autumn occurred in java industry because of the disease call â€Å" hamileia vatatrix † . As it spread through all over the Ceylon java plantations so started Rubber cultivation at Rathnapura, Galle and Kalutara territories. There after the Rubber became the outstanding commercial harvest in ceylone at 1890. As a consequence of the industrial revolution the gum elastic industry became succeeded. Besides the traditional coconut cultivation was developed in good managed mode. Even though the java destroyed by the disease there were batch of plantation owners remain and they tried to replant the tea. Then the tea became a good manner of puting money lost in java cultivation. Many of the java plantation owners became tea plantation owners and by the mid 1890s the â€Å" tea camelia was became outstanding harvest in Ceylon. Harmonizing to the history James Taylor was the first tea plantation owner land area of tea, by the seeds brought from Assam. The historiographers says that he was the first commercial graduated table tea plantation owner in Srilanka. Thus began the tea industry in Srilanka. James Taylor Tea plantation 1.4 Climate conditions and output of tea. The output potency of any harvest is set by the clime and its twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours fluctuation, which we call as conditions. The most of import characteristic in the conditions is as follows, 1. Annual rainfall 2. Temperature fluctuation 3. Wind speed 4. Humidity Besides the nature of the dirt is another of import factor for any harvest. 1. Rainfall The hill state receives more than 2500mm rainfall spread over the twelvemonth. Tea is grown on the hillsides of tropical and semitropical states. The harvest needs 2000mm-5400mm during the twelvemonth. Annual rainfall 2. Temperature The hill state has a cool brumous clime during the twelvemonth. This occurs because of the tallness above from the average sea degree. In this part the temperature varies from 15.6C lower limit to 27C upper limit. There is a line drive relationship between shoot extension rate and average temperature. This type of cold clime is favourable for tea cultivation. Annual temperature fluctuation 3. Soil status When sing the dirt status in hill state we can see it is red-yellow podzolic and ruddy brown laterite which is suited for tea cultivation. Tea is turning in broad scope of dirt types and there for it does non intend is that there are certain dirt features which must be met by any peculiar dirt where tea is to be grown. Soil status requires for tea cultivation SOIL ( General chemical belongingss )Ph dirt H2O4 %Organic affair5.4 %Entire N0.33 %CN ratio9.63 %Available P ( ppm )24 %Average one-year rainfall and lowest-highest average month temperature on tea turning countries of hill state.KandyNuwaraEliyaLatitude8N7NLongitude81E80.45EAnnual rainfall2375mm2225mmTemperature scope ( C )22.8-25.813.3-15.6Average temperature23.914.4

Gillian Clarke †The Field Mouse Essay

In the first verse, the hay cutting is depicted in a positive light: the hay is cut â€Å"Down at the end of the meadow, / far from the radio’s terrible news†. The distance from the â€Å"terrible news† leads us to expect a peaceful description of a harmless farming activity exempt from the violence happening in the outside world. The opening line of the poem sets up this expectation: â€Å"Summer, and the long grass is a snare drum†. There are some images inserted into the scene here that add a subtle feeling of discomfort or unease, the first of which is the sound of the â€Å"jets† in line 2. It is a sound one hears particularly if you live in Wales, the Lake District or Norfolk and Suffolk. The next is, of course, the â€Å"terrible news† of the radio, which, although we are removed from it, is still mentioned and therefore forms part of an ominous backdrop, along with the jets, to the hay cutting. The image of the relentless hay cutting is also unsettling: â€Å"†¦ All afternoon / its wave breaks before the tractor blade†. The blade of the tractor will be shown to be the instrument of death later on in the poem. Lastly we hear about the neighbour who is spreading lime over his fields. Here the neighbour is unintentionally â€Å"drifting our land / with a chance gift of sweetness†. The lime he spreads over his fields inadvertently drifts to adjacent land and so the poet’s land also benefits. Lime reduces the acidity of the soil, hence the use of the phrase â€Å"gift of sweetness†. | The poem focuses now on the unforeseen damage to life that results in the hay cutting. We are made to experience the activity of hay cutting from another perspective as the first line talks of the â€Å"killed flowers†. The damage done is extended to include the creatures of the field. Our first image of the subject in the poem’s title, the field mouse, is one that evokes pity. Clarke uses synecdoche and metaphor to create the image of the dying mouse. The child’s hands have become a â€Å"nest of quivering mouse† as substitute for the nest destroyed by the â€Å"blade†. The mouse is described in terms of its eyes: â€Å"its black eyes two sparks burning†. The â€Å"burning† is here suggestive of fear, pain and also of life – the two sparks as points of animation, the seat of the â€Å"life spark†. This combined image of pain and life continues in lines 14 and 15 as the mouse â€Å"curls in agony as big as itself / and the star goes out in its eye†. A strong sense of empathy is evoked in us as the poet reveals a compassion many of us feel when confronted with an animal in mortal pain: â€Å"We know it will die and ought to finish it off†. The last lines of the second verse widen our focus to the entire field, which is â€Å"hurt† and â€Å"bleeding† after the relentless blade. It is the children who witness the damage and destruction caused by the hay cutting: â€Å"the children kneel in long grass, / staring at what we have crushed†. Line 16 connects this specific localised agricultural incident to the war in Europe, the subject of the â€Å"terrible news† on the radio in the first verse. â€Å"Summer in Europe, the field’s hurt† links the two events, which the poet will connect in greater detail in the last verse. | The opening line of the last verse evokes the carnage that one expects on a battlefield: â€Å"Before the day’s done the field lies bleeding†. This serves to emphasise the connection between the war that has shimmered as a backdrop to the poem so far and the inherent destruction of hay cutting. The â€Å"dusk garden† becomes a refugee camp â€Å"inhabited by the saved, voles, / frogs, a nest of mice†. These different creatures are unified by their shared trauma, as are human beings of different nationalities and cultures who are victims of war. This association is underlined by what follows in lines 21-22: â€Å"The wrong that woke / from a rumour of pain won’t heal†. The poet now consciously connects all she has seen from the hay cutting with the war in Europe. She can’t face the newspapers and yet in her dreams she faces children who â€Å"dance in grass† just as the helpless creatures of the field. She sees â€Å"their bones brittle as mouse-ribs†, a realisation of the frailty and vulnerability of human and animal to destructive forces of people. The hum of the jets described in the first verse now becomes a â€Å"stammering with gunfire†. The very last image in the poem refers more explicitly to the civil conflict of the 1990s in the former Yugoslavia, where the â€Å"neighbour† has become a â€Å"stranger†. She realises how easily her neighbour could become hostile: â€Å"my neighbour turned / stranger, wounding my land with stones†. The â€Å"land† referred to here has a wider significance in that it can be read to mean both the ground and any nation. The final lines suggest the territorial nature of the Bosnian war. Making land unfit for farming by spreading stones around (described in the Old Testament) is similarly a throwback to ancient times.

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The golden party- Kathrine mansfield and Veblen Thesis

The golden party- Kathrine mansfield and Veblen - Thesis Example On the other hand, the theory of the leisure class by Veblen explains the various situations that result from creations of social classes. A comparison of the two pieces of literature sheds more light on the existence of social classes in the society. In his theory Veblen observed that in most communities, people who own huge amount of property are deemed to be more popular and successful in the society. This perception prompts a lot of people to use any means to acquire property that may be perceived as wealth since the poor are looked down upon (Veblen, 24). However, acquisition of wealth is not enough to enable one to be regarded highly in the community. It is therefore necessary for the wealthy in the community do display their wealth. In this case the display of wealth is mainly exhibited through leisure activities. Hence the rich people in the society have to distinguish themselves from the not so wealthy people by living contrary to the poor people who live in â€Å"vulgar surroundings† (Veblen, 29).In this case, vulgar surrounding involved inexpensive lifestyles hence the wealthy have to be different from the poor and live lavishly even if it meant wastage. Veblen’s theory could be well represented in the st ory the garden party by Katherine Mansfield. The short story is a fictional account of a wealthy family that was preparing to hold a party in an upper class environment. In the party, Mrs. Sheridan delegates the duties of organizing the party to her daughters and the employees. However, despite one of her daughters Laura having budgeted for the party, Mrs. Sheridan could not resist to Pass by a shop and buy flowers that were not needed at the party (Mansfield, 66).This made Laura to realize a lot of extravagance in the party .On the other hand, before the party commenced their neighbor from a low class society passed away. Laura tried to convince her sister Jose and her mother to stop the party after their neighbor passed away

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MJ refleection week 7 - Essay Example With my positive attitude towards genetics, I have an intrinsic motivation to understand information about Becker muscular dystrophy, its genetic cause, and possible management. I am even motivated to cross reference for clarity of some information in the text that appeared challending (The New York Times 1). Based on my positive attitude towards genetics, seeing the DNA artwork captured my attention and I sought and succeeded in understanding the artist’s motivation and achievement in developing the art. I also understood, based on the artist’s success, that local researchers can used people’s preferences for DNA patterns to understand behavioral orientations, and I plan to implement this in future (The Telegraph 1). The text, ‘a hidden genetic code,’ is however less attractive due to its lack of graphics, but the desire to figure out genetic information and configure involved patterns motivates me to read though it and I have managed to synthesize the contents (Reuell 1). The Telegraph. â€Å"DNA artwork created by German university student.† The Telegraph. September 7, 2008. Web. March 10, 2015.

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CONTRACT COST CONSIDERATIONS - Research Paper Example The three are firm-fixed price, cost-plus-fixed fee and cost-plus-incentive fee. Therefore, this paper will look at the advantages and disadvantages of these three contract pricing systems before outlining and discussing them in a specific NAICS case-study. Firms seeking contracts in different spheres of operations as classified by NAICS adopt different contracting or pricing schemes that are in line with their needs and capabilities and also by putting into considerations the needs of clients. In this way, it can be deduced that numerous factors, either in single or in multiple, influence the selection of the appropriate and most efficient pricing mechanisms in contract projects. However, in adopting an appropriate contract mechanism to employ, firms are always advised to take into account the responsibility of certain and specific risks that the projects might have. Three major contract pricing systems are used by contracting firms. The three include fixed price system, cost-plus-fixed-fee, and cost-plus-incentive fee. Therefore, discussion in this research paper will involve looking at the three contract pricing systems in terms of advantages and disadvantages and how they apply to a specific NAICS firm. The first contract pricing mechanism is the firm-fixed-price contract. This type of contract provides a price that in most cases is not subject to any change or adjustment (Stewart, Wyskida and Johannes, 1995). Favor for this type of contract has usually been based on the contractor’s experience in performing the contract. This type of contract provides maximum incentive for the contractor to have control over the costs and also be able to perform effectively. In such arrangement, there is always minimization of administrative burden on both the contracting parties. It has been found firm-fixed-price (FFP) contract is most favored by contractors keen on

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Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 28

Case Study - Essay Example The officials elected are there because of their relationship with the citizens; if they refuse to barter on behalf of those within their districts, then they are not upholding their moral responsibility to the people. It can even be argued that, as humans, we have a relationship with our environment and, therefore, a duty to uphold and protect it from harm. As the government tries to safeguard the environment it must also put to consideration the economic and financial gain they receive from Nestle Company through taxes and also providing employment to the citizens at much higher salary rates than any other company in the state. The bottled water market is worth â€Å"$6 billion in annual sales† (Barry & Shaw, 2014, p. 131), with monetary gain assured for Nestlà © if they triple their output. The company is also supplying water to the majority of the citizens in Michigan State with clean drinking water, the product they never used to have before it was launched. The company, however, has several negative impacts on the environment and entire ecosystem of Michigan State by increasing its pumping rate from 130 gallons per minute to 400 gallons per minute. Over a continuous period, the number of fish in the water body will decrease drastically due to water shortage and hence fishing will also be edged out of the economy of the state. Ideas relevant in this debate would be environmental justice and equity for the people in Michigan communities. If water rapidly disappears, it also becomes an issue of efficiency with the renewability of supplies becoming in question. Nestlà © has to deal with customer satisfaction, but also the satisfaction of their state business partners. It should work on modalities of moderating their production in manner that they will serve the customers to satisfaction and generate enough profit while at the same time conserving the environment not to infringe on other people’s right to use the water

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Universities in Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

Universities in Middle Ages Essay 1. 1 Origin of the University The main reason for the establishment of the universities in Europe was a spontaneous and enthusiastic desire for knowledge. Centres of learning had grown up from the monastic and cathedral schools formed what might be called the secondary school system of the early Middle Ages and were mostly concerned with the study of the liturgy and prayer. Towards the end of the twelfth century a few of the greatest old cathedral, monastic or some other form of schools claimed, from the excellence of their teaching, to be more than merely local importance. These schools were generally recognized places of study, where lectures were open to student of all countries and of all conditions. However, for these places of study, it took a long period of time to become universities (Cubberley, 1920). The more ancient and customary term for an academic institution was studium generale. Let us explain the way studium was created in those days. It began when the teacher of some ability and reputation attracted more and more students to study. In period of time more teachers and more students came. The addition of generale meant that the studium was attended by students from other countries and it was contrasted with a studium particulare, which taught students only from the neighbourhood. In the thirteenth century, according to famous historian, Hastings Rashdall, three characteristics were connoted by the term Studium Generale; a school which aspired to the name must not be restricted to natives of a particular town or country, it must have a number of masters, and it must teach not only the Seven Liberal Arts, but also one or more of the higher studies of Theology, Law and Medicine (1969, p9). It was used in much the same sense in which we speak of a University to-day (Graves, 1914) The term universitas itself was a general Roman legal term and originally meant any legally defined guild or corporation unless qualified by other expression. The complete name of the medieval university was – Universitas Magistrorum et Scholarium – the body of masters and scholars. Graves suggests that â€Å"it signified a company of persons that had assembled for study and, like any other gild, had organized for the sake of protection; since they were in a town there they were regarded as strangers. Thus it did not refer to a place or school at all, but to the teachers and scholars† (1914, p87). Lyte affirms that â€Å"in the earliest and broadest sense of the term, a university had no necessary connexion with schools or literature, being merely a community of individuals bound together by some more or less acknowledged tie. The term was, however, specially applied to the whole body of persons frequenting the schools of a large stadium† (1886, p5). According to Mullinger there are at least â€Å"three new factors in the intellectual activity of the older universities which clearly distinguish that activity from anything that had gone before. Firstly, there is the introduction of new subjects of study, as embodied in a new or revived literature. Secondly it is the adaption of new methods of teaching, which these subjects rendered necessary. And finally there is the growing tendency to organisation which accompanied the development and consolidation of the nationalities† (1888, p4). Rashdall also concluded that the university had embodied three important educational values: â€Å"a commitment to providing not only useful professional training but also the highest intellectual cultivation possible; a desire not only to conserve and transmit knowledge but also to advance it by research and writing; and the most important of all, the idea of joining together teachers of diverse subjects into a single harmonious institution, the ideal of making the teaching body representative of the whole cycle of human knowledge† (1969a, p12). Practically in the second half of the twelfth century there were only few great centres where the highest education was attainable. The two great archetypal universities were those of Bologna and Paris. There was a great difference between them. The University of Bologna was considered to be the University of Students. It means that the students had entire charge of the government of the university. They hired and paid for the teachers. The University of Paris was regarded as the University of Masters, where the government was in the hands of the teachers and was paid by the church. These two types served as a pattern for nearly all the universities in Europe. The majority of the universities of northern Europe followed the system of Paris. On the other side the system of Bologna was the prototype of the southern universities. The other universities we focus on are the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. For their formation the University of Paris served as an example. However, they were not supported by the church but by the crown and the state (Rait, 1912). 1. 2 Privileges granted to universities From the time of the early universities popes, emperors and kings bestowed a large variety of exemptions, immunities and other special privileges on the masters and students of the universities. Basis for many special privileges granted to the professors and students in the early universities was formed by the grant of privileges to physicians and teachers made by the Emperor Constantine, in 333 A. D. and the privileges and immunities granted to the clergy by the early Christian Roman Emperors. In 1158, Frederic I. Barbarossa began the granting a privilege to the Studia Generalia in the document known as the Habita (the first word in the charter) in which he placed the students under his direct protection and declared them subject to the jurisdiction of their masters or of the bishop of Bologna. This grant was for the benefit of students of Bologna who were not natives of the city and were exposed to many dangers and disadvantages. It occurred that in case of any dispute between the students and a citizen of the town, the citizen had the advantage in the local court. Also the students were often robbed while travelling. So this emperor issued the following edict: â€Å"to all scholars who travelled for the sake of study and especially to the professors of divine and sacred laws They may go in safety,† he said, â€Å"to the places in which the studies are carried on, both they themselves and their messengers and may dwell there in security In the future no one shall be so rash as to venture to inflict any injury on scholars of to occasion any loss to them on account of a debt owed by an inhabitant of their province. If anyone shall presume to bring a suit against them on account of any business, the choice in this matter shall be given to the scholars, who may summon the accusers to appear before their professors or the bishop of the city, to whom we have given jurisdiction in this matter† (Graves, 1914, p82). During the period of time this privilege was also given for other universities by monarchs. A similar edict gave Philip Augustus to the students of Paris in 1200. A reason for conceding this privilege was a fight between the students and the king? s troops. The students were defeated and some of them even killed. Philip Augustus was afraid that the students would leave the school and it would be closed. He blamed his own official for the fight and gave the students full protection and immunity. It contained the obligation of every citizen of Paris to seize any one seen striking a student and deliver him to the judge. He also relieved students from trial by the city authorities unless the serious crime had been committed; in that case all judges were commanded to hand over the cases of the student criminals to the ecclesiastical judge (Munro, 1888). In 1231 Pope Gregory IX published a statute that was looked upon as the Magna Charta of the University of Paris. The members of the university were granted the right of making â€Å"constitutions and ordinances regulating the manner and time of lectures and disputations, the costume to be worn, the burial of the dead; and also concerning the bachelors, who are to lecture and at what hours, and on what they are to lecture; and concerning the prices of the lodgings or the interdiction of the same; and concerning a fit punishment for those who violate your constitutions or ordinances, by exclusion from your society† (Munro, 1921, p367). The universities had also certain recognized privileges that were specially granted by the civil or ecclesiastical authorities. Such was the jus ubique docendi, which meant that a master in one Studium Generale had the right of teaching in any other without further examination (Graves, 1914). Moreover the masters and the students had the right of cessation, the privilege of suspending lectures and go on a strike when university rights were violated. This right was frequently used to defend the university from the infringement of its freedom to teach, study, and discipline. This was closely connected with the right of migration. In the case that the members of the university were not satisfied they could leave the city and go to another town. Since the universities had no buildings and the lectures were held in the hired rooms, it was easy for them to move almost overnight. This grant caused the rise of many new universities. Sometimes it happened that a special invitation was issued to a university exercising the cessation to come to another city or even country. It was the case of the University of Oxford in 1229. King Henry III. promised the striking masters and scholars of Paris that â€Å"if it shall be your pleasure to transfer yourselves to our kingdom of England and to remain there to study, we will for this purpose assign to you cities, boroughs, towns, whatsoever you may wish to select, and in every fitting way will cause you to rejoice in a state of liberty and in tranquillity† (Graves, 1914, p85). Later Oxford, in turn, was to suffer from a similar migration. These privileges were generally held by all the universities through which the universities obtained a great power. They were free of the threat of royal or civic interference. An advantage of being self-governing corporations was that the universities were responsible for their own disciplinary arrangements and rarely had to deal with outside authorities. The liberty allowed to students resulted in recklessness, immorality, license, quarrels, dishonesty and care freeness. The students seemed to have become dissipated and quarrelsome. There were many conflicts with townspeople and even among themselves. 1. 3 Organization of universities. The students for a long time naturally grouped themselves according to the part of world and to the nation from which they came. These societies or confederations were generally known as â€Å"nations†. They came together for better protection and society. Every year each nation elected a chief, who was called the consiliarius (â€Å"councillor†). He represented the nation, looked after its interests and the rights and controlled the conduct of its members. There were constant quarrels between the different nations. A contemporary writer Jacobus de Vitriaco, has left us an account of student life at Paris, in which he says: â€Å"The students at Paris wrangled and disputed not merely about the various sects or about some discussions; but the differences between the countries also caused dissensions, hatreds and virulent animosities among them, and they impudently uttered all kinds of affronts and insults against one another†(Cubberley, 1920, p73). In each studium generale there were a larger or smaller number of â€Å"nations†. At Paris were four nations:†the honourable nation of the Gauls, the venerable nation of the Normans, the very faithful nation of the Picards, the very constant nation of the English†. Each was subdivided into provinces, and in a â€Å"province† might be included men from many lands. (Munro, 1921) According to F. P. Graves, â€Å"by the early part of the thirteenth century the students of Bologna had merged their organizations into two bodies – the universitas citramontanorum (â€Å"Cisalpine corporation†), composed of seventeen nations, and the universitas ultramontanorum (â€Å"Transalpine corporation†), made up of eighteen; but not for some three centuries were these two united† (1914, p87). In turn, the teachers themselves were combined together into â€Å"faculties†, that is to say, as associates in one and the same branch of learning and instruction. As H. C. M. Lyte states in his work that â€Å"the term faculty, which originally signified the capacity to teach a particular subject, came to be applied technically to the subject itself, or to the authorised teachers of it viewed collectively. Thus there might be separate Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine, and the liberal Arts, coexistent within one university, although every university did not necessarily comprise all these Faculties† (1886, p7). Teachers and students were members of these faculties, and consequently also of the university. The importance of the faculties was different in various universities. A good example is the University of Bologna. Its Faculty of Law was the most prominent, the Faculty of the Medicine was established in 1316 and the Faculty of Theology was added in the year 1362. So it was with many of the early universities. All of four traditional faculties were found by the fourteenth century. Each faculty came to elect a decanus (â€Å"dean†) as its representative in the university organization. The deans, together with the councillors of the nations elected a rector, who was the head or president of the university. In a university of masters, he was generally chosen from the masters and in a university of students, he was usually a student (Graves, 1914). A long struggle aroused between the rector and the chancellor who was usually appointed by the Pope and represented the Church, to be the chief authority in the university. Ultimately the rector became the chief authority and the position of chancellor had no real importance. 1. 3. 1 The Faculty of Arts At Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge the arts faculties were the most dominant and were preparatory to the other three faculties. There is no evidence of any formal requirement for entry into an arts faculty, but it was necessary to have elementary proficiency in Latin, however the lectures were given in this language. The prescribed length of the course was six years with a minimum age of fourteen or fifteen for admission. According to Robert of Courson? s statutes of 1215 the minimum age for graduation as a master was fixed at twenty years. The basis of the medieval curriculum in Arts is to be found in the Seven Liberal Arts of the Dark Ages. The term liberal, derived from the Latin liberalis, has its roots in the word meaning â€Å"free†. It can implicate that a liberal arts education â€Å"frees† individuals from the chaos of irrationality. In the medieval period, the liberal arts were divided into the Trivium, which was consisted of Grammar, Rhetoric and Dialectic, and the Quadrivium, which included Arithmetic, Astronomy, Geometry and Music. These â€Å"Seven Liberal Arts† were thought suitable for the development of intellectual and moral excellence (North, 1992). Grammar always had a central place in the curriculum, but it did not mean how sentences are constructed or the analyses of parts of speech. It was the foundation and source of all the Liberal Arts. In the introduction to an improved Latin grammar, published about 1119, grammar is defined as â€Å"The doorkeeper of all the other sciences, the apt expurgatrix of the stammering tongue, the servant of logic, the mistress of rhetoric, the interpreter of theology, the relief of medicine, and the praiseworthy foundation of the whole quadrivium. † Grammar also included the study of poetry and poetic structure. It was also used for the analysis of secular writings, scriptures and biblical commentaries (Leff, 1992). By the definition, Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. Defined by Maurus, it was â€Å"the art of using secular discourse effectively in the circumstances of daily life. † Students learned about the techniques of oral expression and strategies of debate. It also enables the preacher or missionary to put the divine message in eloquent and impressive language. Dialectics, or logic, was the study of the use of logic in debates. By means of its aid a student was enabled to formulate argument, expose error, unmask falsehood, and draw conclusions accurately. It also includes the theory that argument and debate are part of the learning process. Its popularity was greatly enhanced by the acquisition of writings of Aristotle (Leff, 1992). The Quadrivium had relatively little importance and received small attention during the medieval period. The chief purpose of the astronomy was to explain the seasons and the motions of the planets. The study of this field enables the priests â€Å"to fix the time of Easter and all other festivals and holy days, and to announce to the congregation the proper celebration of them† For telling the time and for surveying purposes were used instruments which included a map of stars, the astrolabe and the quadrant. Other field of Quadrivium was also used for determining church days and calculating the date of Easter – Arithmetic. Moreover it involved the study of theories underlying the study of numbers and interpreting passages in the Scriptures involving measurements. It has to be remarked that the Roman system of notation was used and the Arabic notation was not known until the beginning of the thirteenth century (North, 1992). Geometry, the science of measurements, was used primarily as a means of calculating and measuring. Its focus was on the relational values between objects and determining ratios. It involved the geography of Europe, Asia and Africa, too. Music was based on the same principle as Arithmetic. While Arithmetic concerned the numerical manifestation of universal ratios, music was considered to be the expression of numerical relationships using sounds. According to Michael Masi, harmony in Music was â€Å"the ratio and proportion expressed in musical terms. † The primary focus of scholars was to become familiar with the mathematical nature of music. John North cited Brunetto Latini who said that â€Å"music was the second mathematical science, which serves for our delight and for the service of the Lord† (North, 1992, p343). The study of music was also important in religious practises The education of Seven Liberal Arts prepared students for careers in the church, education, business and law. It came to be the standard for a university education for next centuries. 1. 3. 2 The Faculty of Theology This faculty was the most important of the four and it prepared students for the service of the Church. The book which received far greater attention than the Scriptures and the students put most of their time upon was Peter Lombard? s Book of Sentences. The neglect of the Scriptures for the scholastic theology was characteristic for this period of time. Graves in his work A History of education during the Middle Ages and the transition to modern times quotes Roger Bacon: â€Å"Although the principal study of the theologian ought to be in the text of Scriptures, in the last fifty-years theologians have been principally occupied with questions in tractates and Summ? , horse-loads composed by many, and not at all with the most holy text of God. And accordingly, theologians give a readier reception to a treatise of scholastic questions than they do to one about the text of Scripture† (1914, p90). The course usually lasted for eight years and some centuries later it was extended to fourteen years. According to C. Munro, â€Å"while theology is commonly spoken of as the â€Å"queen of the sciences† and the seven liberal arts are termed its handmaidens, the faculties of the theology did not enrol a very large number of students in the thirteenth century† (1921, p372). 1. 3. 3 The Faculty of Law The course generally contained civil and canon law. The authorized text for civil law was Justinian? s Corpus Iuris Civilis which included compilation of imperial edicts, the Digest of opinions of Roman jurists, and an introductory text for students. For the study of canon law it was Gratian? s Decretum which included ecclesiastical offices, the administration of canon law, and the ritual and sacraments. As Munro says, â€Å"many students in the law faculty, however, did not aspire to proficiency in the laws themselves, but were content with the more humble but lucrative study of the ars dictaminis, or ars notaria. and the ars dictaminis may be styled the complete art of letter writing. Hence knowledge of this art was especially useful in law matters and came to be known as the ars notaria† (1921, p373). Bologna was the acknowledged centre of instruction in both the civil and canon law. 1. 3. 4 The Faculty of Medicine The Medical Faculty taught the knowledge of the medical arts which included the Greek and Arabic text-books, especially the treatises by Hippocrates and Galen. There was no dissection of the human body practised till the thirteenth century; therefore the only way to study human anatomy was from text-books or from the study of the anatomy of animals. â€Å"The year 1300 is almost exactly the date for which we have the first definite evidence of the making of Human dissections, and the gradual development of anatomical investigation by this means in connection with the Italian universities† (Munro, 1921, p374). 1. 4 Degrees The system of degrees was common to all universities during the thirteenth century. There were three grades of degrees – Bachelor, Master and Doctor. After the three year? s course of trivium at the Faculty of Arts had been completed, the student entered upon quadrivium, and became a â€Å"commencing† bachelor or a â€Å"determiner†. According to Mullinger the â€Å"determiner was called upon to preside at certain disputations in the schools, and to sum up, or determine, the logical value of the arguments adduced by respondent or opponent. † (1888, p25). This meant nothing more than the student? s apprenticeship to a master but it was his admission to a degree of Bachelor of Arts (Verger, 1992). Performing the act of determining – to be tested in public disputations – made him a bachelor of arts. To be tested in public disputations meant that â€Å"a student was permitted to present himself for a test as to his ability to define words, determine the meaning of phrases, and read the ordinary Latin texts in Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic (the Trivium), to the satisfaction of other masters than his own† (Rashdall, 1969a, p28). According to D. R. Leader a bachelor of arts was â€Å"in effect a journeyman master who partially shared in the masters? privileges of lecturing and presiding at disputations† (1994, p22). This term as H. C. M. Lyte states, â€Å"was used in a technical sense at all the medieval universities, to denote a student who had ceased to be a pupil, but had not yet become a teacher† (1886, p7). The Bachelor was a student-teacher who was seeking to obtain a license to teach in his own right. At the end of quadrivium the bachelor was formally discharged from the state of apprenticeship and he could entreat the chancellor for the degree of master. If the masters of his faculty decided that he was a suitable candidate for the magisterium both by his learning and character, he was received into the brotherhood of teachers and became an â€Å"inceptor†, the candidate. After he passed the actual, â€Å"rigorous† examination which consisted of a disputation upheld by the candidate over a particular question, he was regarded as â€Å"graduated† but was not qualified to teach in the university. The â€Å"graduated† had to also pass the public examination. It was a ceremony during which he performed his first magistral act, usually a disputation with students, on a theme of his choice. There was no possibility of failing. After all these statutory requirements the â€Å"inceptor† received the degree of master and he was authorised to lecture. However, he was obliged by oath to act for two years as a regent or teacher. This period was known as his â€Å"regency†. This rule guaranteed the supply of teachers for the university (Green, 1969). J. Verger says that â€Å"the general attitude at the end of the Middle Ages was that the title gave its bearer genuine social dignity, giving him access to the world of the privileged, indeed, to that of the nobility† (1992, p145). If the Master of Arts wished to enter upon a further course of study, he had to pass through similar steps of bachelorhood and magisterium in one of the superior faculties as well. The terms â€Å"Master† and â€Å"Doctor† were at first synonymous, but during the fourteenth century the title â€Å"Doctor† began to be used instead of â€Å"Master† for the chief degree in the Faculties of Law and Medicine (Verger, 1992). As F. P. Graves expressed â€Å"the degrees â€Å"master† and â€Å"doctor† seem to have been originally about on a par with each other. .. As soon as a candidate was successful in the one, he immediately proceeded to the other, upon which occasion he received both the license to teach and the doctor? s degree† (1914, p92).

Gender Differences Towards Work Life Balance Social Work Essay

Gender Differences Towards Work Life Balance Social Work Essay 4.0 Introduction: The findings and analysis presents all the information that was gathered based on the methodology employed in the earlier chapter. The role of this chapter identifies findings which had revealed and explained employees understanding and perception towards work-life balance incorporated within MEGA through analyzing data. Gender Differences towards work-life balance: Balancing work and non-work commitments requires time management which could be a bit of a challenge. The diagram below illustrates such comparison between both genders. Findings on the average level of employees able to balance work and family life responsibilities on a weekly basis revealed that majority of the respondent indicated that they are seldom able to balance both. The results were given from both genders where the 35 percent of respondent that chose that they seldom are able to balance both were women as opposed to the remainder answered yes they are always able were men. The researcher findings had revealed that apparently women tend to be the ones that basically are seldom capable of achieving work-life balance on a weekly basis. Also the diagram shows that men are better able to have a better work-life balance whether it is often or always as compared to women. Furthermore in addition from the questionnaire another finding was analyzed where it was revealed that from both genders the mean is higher in women who have children compared to men. Figure illustrate that the women within MEGA has the higher number of children as against men who has twice as least. Also analyzing the data in figure () there are three times more women than men working in MEGA. The researcher analysis is drawn upon that the expectancy rate of women is higher to experience conflict trying to balance both work and family responsibilities as opposed to men within this particular organization is because there are more women working in MEGA as against to the number of men employ. Causes of Work-Life Balance Conflict The causes of work-life conflict were analyzed by the researcher to find out the reason behind it. The researcher findings werent a bit surprise by the results from employees. From the figure, the researcher found out that the major causes of conflict between balancing work and personal responsibilities was relating to these four factors within MEGA. The job-relating factor that influences work-life conflict the most was insufficient flexibility in the workplace. Eighty-nine percent (89%) of employees responded that they had difficulties balancing work and personal life responsibilities as a result of not having enough flexibility as compared to sixty-seven (67%) was other contributing factor. Timing of meetings/training was the least whereas working long hours was minimal. Participants were asked to indicate which of the following hinder you in balancing your work commitments in the workplace. Figure ( ) depicts the findings on the relevant categories that hinder employees work achievement. An examination of the chart point out that caring for children at been scored highest where 63 percent of respondent imply that this issue hinders them to achieve work commitments. Followed by a close responds to other and leisure time activities where 23 percent indicated other and 18 percent imply leisure time. The remainder answered further education. The participated managers and supervisors were then asked to describe the importance of work-life balance within the organization. Based on the answers given by managers and supervisors to describe the importance of work life balance, all participants agreed 100 percent that there is positive outcome for having balancing in the organization. They all relate work-life balance as means of assisting employees to reduce stress level which in turn would deliver substantial high productivity, job satisfaction and some level of commitment to the organization. The researcher analysis of the causes of work-life balance conflict is related mainly to insufficient flexibility in the workplace. The result suggests that employees dont have a problem working long hours or overtime. However perhaps if employees are/were given sufficient flexibility to manage both responsibilities tend them would be more likely to minimize work-life conflict. As Robertson (2007) stated in the literature review, organizations that offer flexibility in the workplace give employees the advantage to have good balance between both responsibilities whereas evolving to healthy employees and in return healthy employees are good for business succession. Conversely taking care of children has been pointed out to be the most significant hindrance factor for employees to achieve work commitments in MIC. As Hudson (2005) stated earlier that employees are more likely to be less productive, less committed and highly decisive of leaving the organisation once they are experiencing increased stress due to work/life conflicting issues and are perceived of having no control over balancing work and non-work demands. To be of the same opinion the author analysis is drawn upon where managers and supervisors all understand the importance of incorporating work-life balance in the workplace. All respondents had coincided with Hudson (2005) statement of employees level of positive outcome to organization. Policies On the questionnaire, employees were asked if they currently use any of the work-life policies provided by the organization. The author received 100 percent of all respondent answering that they all use work-life policies that are provided by the organization, however it is a question of how do they utilize such policies. Another question was implied asking if employees were given approval of such work-life policies provided by the organization. Question Yes No Are you given approval of work-life policies 83% 17% Out of one hundred 83 percent stated that they are given approval whereas the remaining 17% had imply that they are not given any approval. Managers and supervisors were asked what is the organization typical way or tools used for assisting or promoting work-life balance. From the interview, the author found that there are work-life policies implemented within MEGA, however there are only a few. Employees are given six (6) days which is applicable as casual leave to assist with personal errands only at managers discretion of granting approval. In addition flexible workings hours are administered where employees can start work from 7:30 a.m. 8:30 a.m. where they are allow  ½ hour and finish work between 3:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m. in the interim employees must work 7 ½ hours per day. However employees are required to work back their hours by the end of the week in the event that they request time-off or does not work the required amount of hours per day. From the questionnaire, employees were further asked to what extend do the work-life policies make a difference with balancing work and personal issues. From the findings, it revealed from the figure ( ) that 22 percent reply stating that it made slight difference whereas 53 percent of respondents indicated that the work-life policies implemented within the organization makes no difference towards their daily responsibilities. An investigation into MEGA employees attendance records was examined from 2009 to 2010 to make a comparison for how many casual leave was taken and to indicate if there was any trend. Figure ( ) illustrate such findings for both years. The standard deviation of days taken by employees was 23.00 in 2009 and 23.87 in 2010. The figure also shows that majority of employees utilized the full amount of casual days which is six (6) for both 2009 and 2010 followed by the utilization of five (5) casual days. With correspondent to casual leave, from the interview managers were asked how the work-life policies and procedures implemented for employees are. Again from the interview the author findings had revealed mixed respondents from both managers and supervisors. Apparently employees are granted casual leave and flexible time based on each department and managers discretion. In addition to the findings during the interview participants were asked if there are any kinds of penalty or negativity towards employees who avail such policies. Again this question was answered in accordance to each department manager. Majority of the managers explain that employees are not hinder from career progression or promotional achievement however employees must work back the time that are required to work, to complete deadlines and shortage of employees. If employees are not subjective to such rules there would be a reduction in their salary. Supervisors viewed the same responds indicating agreement to the managers. However supervisors stated further that employees are kept back from promotional development in MEGA based on their attendance records not by such individual contributions and commitments to performance. Based on the findings relevant to the work-life balance policies incorporated with MEGA, the author analysis is interpreted as there are work-life policies implemented within the organization, however the methods used to assist employees is not substantially sufficient to fulfill with such balance of work and personal life responsibilities. Yes employees are given flexible working time however 1 hour difference is not considered as a lengthy time to promote it as a method for work-life balance. Also the flexible working hours does not make much difference to majority of the employees. Employees who have such powerful policies to assist them with solving work-life conflict are more likely to deal with balancing both issues easier. Galinsky and Stein (1990) found that employees who have the power to solve work problems were likely to suffer lower stress and felt their job caused less interference with their life. Furthermore even though employees are given approval of such work-life policies, the permission of approval of policies are practice differently in each department. In addition to deal with such work-life challenges majority of the employees result to the utilization of all or most of their casual leave. To a further extent, the findings draw that management resent employees of utilizing such policies. As already explained in the literature review utilization of work-life policies can be perceive a factor correlated to less job security and negative career progression (Rodbourne 1996). Managing Balance: Managers and supervisors were asked to describe the importance of work-life balance. The average respondent by managers and supervisors provided relatively the same answer where they understood that work-life balance is a way of being able to balance both the demands for work commitments and personal life responsibilities as a means of everyday position. Do you think if employees have good work-life balance the organization will be more effective and successful? Employees were asked that if employees have good work-life balance if the organization would be more effective and successful. Figure indicate the respondent from employees pertain to the question. Based on the respondent the majority of employees answered yes to that question. In fact findings revealed that 90% of employees strongly believed the organization would be more effective and successful if the employees have good work-life balance. Furthermore based on the question asked, employees were also asked to specify on the same question how the organization would be successful based on their answer whether the answer was yes or no. The majority of the respondent who answered yes had basically the same response. Majority of the respondent answered by implying that if employees have good work life balance employees tend to work more efficiently whereby the level of productivity would definitely increase because employees are less overwhelmed and would be able to concentrate better. The qualitative findings of employees getting good work-life balance in the workplace were questioned. What could the organization do to help employees balance both work and family life commitments? There were mixed views expressed towards organization assistance with work-life balance. Average respondents had expressed that the organization could be more considerate by acknowledging that as employees they experience challenges juggling both commitments by trying to accommodate important family appointments and demands for work deadlines. The stances by employees had pointed out also that the organization should offer more flexibility in terms of achievable flexible working hours. One respondent stated that organizations should be a bit flexible for the competing responsibilities of getting the kids ready for school, travelling to work, long hours of congested traffic, picking up the kids from school and getting home late at evenings Monday to Friday. While other respondent stated that management need to be more lenient towards employees utilizing such work-life policies that are implemented within the organization. Based on the available answers that was collected through the use of this questions employed, it inherently seems that the organization would benefit by become successful and more effectively from employing good work-life balance. Both managers and supervisors already have an understanding of what is work-life and the importance of incorporating. In fact from the literature review Tourn (2007) had imply that the organization can benefit from work-life balance where the returns would be gains of productivity, lower turnover rate and loyalty from employees. Also Thompson et al., (1999), had implied the same concept. If organizations cannot foster good work-life integration then employees experiencing both private and work stress will likely to suffer from low concentration and in the end lower productivity (Thompson et al., 1999). The greatest benefit for a good work-life balance to be effective and successful is in fact suggested that the organization promote such execution. So it is safe to imply that the evidence speaks for itself. Support for Work-Life Balance Further to the findings, during the interview participants were asked to describe the present work environment position with regards to employees contributions, level of productivity and commitments to the organization. Almost five out of six of the managers explained the present work environment as remotely satisfactory because there is teamwork amongst employees for getting the work done and most of the time deadlines are achieved. One manager explicitly describe the work environment as unbalance because frequently employees are reporting sick whereas work responsibilities have to delegated to a department that is seen as shortage of employees. Supervisors also viewed this question differently by implying that there is reasonable dissatisfaction in the workplace because employees are slightly frustrated and tends to completed only what is necessary on a daily basis. Furthermore supervisor described it as unbalance satisfaction because employees are reporting late or sick frequently causing overlapped of their responsibilities to other employees that are present. From the answers given the researcher draws analysis that the work environment as intrinsically unbalance. Employees are told to take on addition work responsibilities added to their regular job requirement because some employees are frequently reporting sick. Furthermore respondents were asked to indicate which of the following in figure ( ) assist them towards balancing work and family commitments. Based from the figure shown below, a frequency percentage of 44.7 percent disclose that the use of work-life leave available within MEGA was the one to help with the balance of both work and family commitments. Also on further assessment 32 percent of the respondents acquire support from family members followed by a close range of 31.2 percent of support from their supervisors. However statistical finding discover that the participated respondents had specified that the least amount of work-life balance support are from managers by a 16.5 percent. Also to add to work-life conflict, from figure ( ) it has been understood that employees employed within MEGA do not obtain full support from theirs managers. As the researcher recall from the literature review, employees who have family-supportive managers and work in organization that offers family-friendly initiatives tends to stay with the organization (Powell 2010). Participated managers and supervisors were asked during an interview done separately, how managers and the organization currently emphasize work-life balance in the workplace. Answers from both managers and supervisors were somewhat a mixed viewed from the interview. The managers explained that employees are given support where employees can approach the managers with stress relating to feeling overworked and personal issues for the managers are humans and have family lives also. However supervisors begged to differ from managers acknowledgment. Supervisors stated that managers are remotely negative towards employees especially when it comes to problems that are not actually work-related. From the findings it seems that managers had implied that they are supportive towards employees when in fact they arent. Employees and supervisors have both agreed that managers are inflexible towards their employees in the workplace. As Herlihy Maiden (2005) suggested that in order for employees to be effective at work, managers themselves need to be able to make unique contributions to the organisation that lies within the contexts of their own personal condition. So it is evident that managers themselves need to have an imbalance in work and personal life issues in order to contribute and be fully support ive of work-life integration. Overall Discussion From the whole findings that were questioned and examined by the author, the results underline some very importance relationship and differences between the work-life policies and implementation with respect to both employees and the organization. Management already have a clear understanding of what is work-life balance is and the high importance of promoting work-life in the workplace. Management somehow believe that the organization have work-life policies incorporated within the workplace that would assist employees but based on the research done about work-life balance, those methods used by MEGA are not sufficient and well foster to assist with balancing work and life issues. MIC entire organization workforce consists of majority of women employ compared to the men and majority of the women has more than 1 child. Friedman Greenhaus (2000) already noted that women make up half the workforce in organization and is increasing in higher levels. Amongst the gender difference most women in MIC are seldom able to balance both their work and family life on a regular basis. However despite the gap in the gender difference, employees generally are dissatisfied with working arrangement of work-life balance carried out in the organization. Almost the whole of management perceived the present work environment as balance where employees level of commitment and productivity are satisfactory, however the supervisors are not 100 percent in agreement with the level of contributions achieved by employees. The findings from the questionnaires answered by employees also incline grounded analysis that MIC present work environment is not as balance as management perception tow ards it, the author is in agreement with the employees and supervisors responds. Results suggest that the two main factors associated to work-life conflicts within MIC are insufficient flexibility and working overtime. In relation to this employees not have a problem with working overtime however flexibility needs adjusting to assist them to achieving balance with work and personal life demand. Thomas and Ganster (1995) found that proper scheduling which gave a group of employees more control over their time had in fact reduce conflict between work-life responsibilities. In addition employees major hinder for achieving work within MIC is taken up by the responsibilities of taking care of children, other personal responsibilities and leisure time. Given the findings of employees utilizing such policies management are negative towards employee for submitting to such action. In this regard, Hein (2005) had explain that employees tend to be hesitant to proceed to use them because of career concerns or the fact that they receive negativity from line managers and tends to discourage them from using it. The importance of supportive work environment mainly from MIC management is what employees are stipulating on. The result found that employees get a lot of support from family members and supervisors however employees are not fully supported by some of management where they receive negative attitude and resentment from management. The organization foster supportive measurement to accommodate employees yet for majority of employees some departmental culture is embodied in the attitudes and behaviours of their immediate line manager. Such support from managers mitigates the negative effects of work-life conflict occurrence. Employees who have family-supportive managers and work in organization that offers family-friendly initiatives tends to stay with the organization (Powell 2010). http://www.bia.ca/articles/AReportontheImportanceofWork-LifeBalance.htm http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2009/09/IE0909019I.htm http://www.healthatwork.org.uk/pdf.pl?file=haw/files/Work-lifeBalance.pdf

Can Yahoo Still Attract Tech Workers?

Can Yahoo Still Attract Tech Workers? Travis Bell Susan Knapp Presentation Techology organization are likewise searching for approaches to better theirself and their representatives. The interest for brilliant new workers in this field is high yet this is the point at which they keep running into issues. Managers are attempting to keep the product specialists they have and having issues with contracting new ones. With techolongy changing each day and consistently these organizations are discovering it is difficult to pull in the workers they require in this innovation world. It is not about getting new workers it is likewise about keeping the ones you have. These workers are searching for more pay and in the event that they discover it in another organization they may very well stopped and accept the other position. Audit/Investigation of the Case There are a wide range of organizations in the innovation world that is having these issues. Yahoo is one of those organizations and is one of the most seasoned web look organization. Starting today, Yahoo is not only a web index, they have moved into publicizing, news, and email. At the point when a recently crisp granduate understudy comes into the workforce the are seeking work for the most needed organization in innovation. Yahoo is no longer that and the representatives they do have are beginning to leave to different organizations. Yahoo has been battling with the technique for development for quite a while and there must be a few changes. The supply for work is going to new organizations like Google and Microsoft. Yahoo will need to roll out improvements in the organization to get the new understudy intrigued into the organization once more. With regards to the request they are searching for some representative and the workers they have are leaving as well. The methodology the y are utilizing is quite recently not working. Searching for newcomers will be hard for Yahoo. They will need to make quick move and roll out a few improvements within the organization. This will help with the workers they do have. The primary enormous stride would redesign the organization. Yahoo is by all accounts an organization that is passed its prime, Some may state. Making the present workers glad will get the organization great surveys and the representatives wont go to different organizations searching for an occupation. Strengthing the organization will prompt to better inward enlisting of workers. Susan Burnett, Senior compete leader of ability and association advancement, has begun on making a situation in which workers can learn new attitudes to help better themselves and the organization. These representatives with new attitudes can now climb and have more duties. The distinctive systems and preparing she is doing will reinforce Yahoos inward recuiting and may even help with getting new representatives. Another work er is not going to work for an organization if the employyes they as of now have are not cheerful. Beginning inside the organization first is ideal. Recuiting the correct representative straight out of school to come and work at Yahoo will take some imagination. Begin by utilizing a procedure in which the school will have the capacity to get some awesome expertise in an organization that has been around for quite a while. Yahoo is a built up organization and is searching for new thoughts from new faces in the organization. Additionally select in schools or colleges that cover data innovation and building projects or degree. Another point is to express Yahoo is searching for new worker to assist and develop with the organization. Synopsis and Conclusions With the free market activity of work changing not only for Yahoo but rather for all innovation organizations, they will need to think of an approach to keep the representatives cheerful and attract new agents. This will help in strengthing the team. Upbeat representatives work increasingly and fulfill different representatives. Yahoo has a major stride in front of them however putting their best foot forward and selecting in the opportune place will get yippee back on track. References Noe, R. (2013-01-17). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 5th Edition. [Kaplan]. Retrieved from https://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/0078095654/ Yahoo! executive links learning to growth. (2017). Svenonia Blog. Retrieved 30 January 2017, from https://svenonia.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/yahoo-executive-links-learning-to-growth/

Platos Dialogues As Educational Models Essay -- Philosophy Research P

Dialogue, Dialectic, and Maieutic: Plato's Dialogues As Educational Models ABSTRACT: Plato’s Socrates exemplies the progress of the dialectical method of inquiry. Such a method is capable of actualizing an interlocutor’s latent potential for philosophizing dialectically. The dianoetic practice of Plato’s Socrates is a mixture of dialectical assertions and questions arising out of his ethical concern for the interlocutor. The Dialogues act as educational models exhibiting how one inquires and learns as well as how one must teach in order that others learn to be participants in (or practitioners of) the dialectic. This is the maieutic art of Plato’s Socrates with which he draws his interlocutors into stating and reflecting upon the implications of their uncritically held opinions. We could say that the real subject-matter of many of the Dialogues is at least as much education in the dialectical process while still respecting the literary form of the Dialogues as exhibitive construction. The lack of philosophical closure that often characterizes many of the Dialogues lends additional credence to this position. The subject-matter of many of the dialogues is, therefore, reflexive: it is about itself in the sense that the tacit lesson (practicing the dialectic) will be remembered after its ostensible subject (some philosophical problem) has ceased to be debated. Dialectic is, then, renewable and replicable as an educational method, using "psychagogy"—an instrument of maieutic—to determine first each student’s individual needs for guiding him toward understanding. The Dialogues As Educational Models Plato's Dialogues are intellectual, noetic experiences; as dramatizations of communicative interactions, they bring into exhibition... ...ress, 1980. Grassi, Ernesto. Rhetoric As Philosophy. The Humanist Tradition. University Park and London: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980. (Noted as RAP) Marà ­as, Julià ¡n. Philosophy As Dramatic Theory. tr. James Parsons. University Park and London: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971. (Noted as PADT) Sagan, Eli. The Honey and the Hemlock. Democracy and Paranoia in Ancient Athens and Modern America. New York: Basic Books, 1991. Sedgewick, G.G. Of Irony, Especially in Drama. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967. Tejera, V. Plato's Dialogues One By One. A Structural Interpretation. New York: Irvington Publishers, Inc., 1984. (Noted as PDOBO) —. Modes of Greek Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971. Walton, Craig and Anton, John, eds. Philosophy and the Civilizing Arts. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1974.

Music Essay -- Filmmakers, Diegetic Sounds

Music plays a critical role in the narrative films as it is important technique that filmmakers use to support the narrative and influence the way that the viewer interacts, responds and interprets the events as they unfold. The godfather, which is one of all time Hollywood movies, represents a good use of music that succeeded in supporting the dramatic events that take place in the movie. Moreover, both diegetic and non-diegetic music in the godfather movie are used to achieve the overall purpose by using the different principles and functions of film music that range from setting the mood of the viewer to providing continuity within the movie. In this essay, we will take part of the godfather movie in which we can observe and analyse the role of the music in the film (00:30:52- 00:35:52) In the beginning of the clip (0:30:52), as the dissolve take us from the previous scene where ,Mr. Woltz , a wealthy studio head, refused angrily the request of Don Vito Corleone to cast Johnny Fontane in one of his movies, the dissolve take us to the next scene where we see Mr. Woltz's house from outside. As the dissolve takes place, a diegetic sound of night insects are heard and even before the next scene comes up on screen. The diegetic sound of night insects provides continuity between the first and the second scene and carry the viewer across a temporal ellipsis of hours (00:30:49-00:30:53) . Moreover, the night insects sound in the next scene (00:30:53-00:31:00) suggests the approach of night and the calmness in Mr. Woltz's house and that to show the difference between the beginning and the end of the scene (00:30:53-00:31:00). Then, as the shot gets closer to the window of Mr. Woltz's bedroom (00:31:03), a non-diegetic music of th... ...(00:32:50-00:33:18) . Then, the scene goes back to don Corleone as he listens to Tom Hegan talks about Sollozo. Suddenly, Don Corleons asks Tom Hegan about Sollozo's prison record and then non-diegetic music runs focusing our attention on the interesting discussion they have about Sollozo and the decision they should make regarding co-operating with Sollozo.(0:33:19-00:34:11) In conclusion, music role in the selected clip from the godfather represents a great use of both diegetic sounds and non-diegetic music that help the viewer of the narrative film to illustrate and interpret the dramatic events as they unfold. Moreover, Setting the mood, providing continuity between scenes and intensifying rhythm and pacing were the principle functions of film music that were used in the selected clip to achieve the overall goal of the use of music in the scenes. .

Hate Crime Essay -- Violence Racism Hate Crimes Essays

Hate Crime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Violence motivated by a bias against victims’ characteristics which include race, religion, ethnic background, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation, represents a serious threat to all communities. Experts estimate that a bias-related crime is committed every 14 minutes. Criminal justice officials and state policy makers need to realize that it is key to make or adjust hate crime legislation. This has been a heated debate for centuries. The key to solving the ever-growing problem of hate crimes is more hate crime legislation. The first legislative efforts to address bias-related crimes, dated back to the late 19th century, which was a response to the expanding Ku Klux Klan and segregation in the south. Such laws included mandates against wearing masks and hoods. The next wave of legislation relating to hate crimes resulted from the movement for increased protection for civil rights in the face of widespread racial prejudice shown by segregated buildings and restricted access to public and private resources. The most recent legislation has been directed specifically to acts of hate against people of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, etc. The Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act, S. 625, also known as the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hate Crime Prevention Act, if enacted would strengthen current law as it relates to hate crimes motivated by a victim’s race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, etc. Hate crimes are not only destructive to the victims and their families, but damaging to the victims families and friends. It also is very damaging to our American ideals. America stands and shines for diversity and equality. In a way hate crimes are not only threatening to the individual being attacked but to America as a whole. Last year, Congress had the chance to pass strong hate crimes legislation. On June 19,2000, the Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act of 2000 was approved by the senate as an amendment to the defense authorization bill. People who act on hate need to know their punishment will be severe and harsh. Hate crimes threaten the safety of many citizens and in a way disrupts the entire communitie. Hate crimes can not be tolerated. Hate crimes are a harsh reality in the United States. The reason it is so hard to come to a c... ...t walking down the street and being themselves. The examples are endless. The fight against hate crimes on the national and local levels must get more aggressive. We, as a nation, must act now. Under existing federal law, a person or group of convicted of crimes against someone who was targeted â€Å" because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability or sexual orientation† faces stiffer federal penalties than those provided under state law. The proposed legislation would eliminate the current requirement that the government prove the perpetrator’s intent. Instead, federal prosecutors could go after hate crimes without proving that the perpetrator was motivated by prejudice. More hate crime legislation will help give victims increased protection, keep streets safer and increased punishment for vicious criminals who base their attacks on hate and bias. More hate crime legislation will give criminals who commit these terrible crimes the punishment they deserve, while it gives innocent victims the peace of mind to know that justice will be done. No matter what happens in Congress, 42 states are already prosecuting hate crimes.

Part I Root Attitudes and Beliefs

Global settings create specific requirements for personal, organizational, cultural values. In general, there are no limits to the attitudes people hold.Attitudes are learned throughout life and are embodied within our socialization process. In the global setting, some atti ­tudes may be central to us – a core construct – which may be highly resistant to any change (perhaps a religious belief); whereas other, more peripheral atti ­tudes, may change with new information or personal experiences.A person should be a proactive, which means to be response to change creating new knowledge and finding methods of problem-solving. Reactive person cannot be creative which limits its opportunities and prevents from personal growth (Oden, 1997).In the workplace, there should be full and genuine participation of staff concerned as early as possible, preferably well before the actual introduction of new equipment or systems.A person should concentrate on the roots of the problem in order to remove doubt and indecision. It involves having an objec ­tive to achieve and the tests of whether that objective is being achieved or not form the control criteria. Decisions involve the future and involve choice therefore they can be wrong (Cowen, 2002).2. Achieving personal significance is another factor which ensures personal development and growth. Every person is unique personality (Hill, Levenhagen, 1995).For instance, from early years many entrepreneurs and creative people, artists and musicians reveal creative skills in different aspects of life. On the other hand, researchers underline that these skills can be trained and developed in many people in spite of their sets of genes and nature. If a person understands his uniqueness, it creates new opportunities for companies. In global settings, it is crucial to find the essence and meaning of life.Most people not only believe that worrying about difficulties becomes a way not to worry (or even think about) other pressing issues; people also believe that many common Amer ­ican concerns about stress are misplaced. If a person understands his â€Å"divine role† and accepts his destiny, he becomes patient to other people trying to apply universal wisdom to life (Fitzsimmons, 1997).3. To discard the negatives, every person should develop unique interpretation of â€Å"a self† and â€Å"the essence of life† based universal values and laws. All actions of people are aimed toward the positive, and purpose is in nature. This life philosophy frees people from worries (Gesteland, 1999).The conditions of possibility, in which such a life can be attempted to be lived, take the view that the institutions of the modern state, as these are developing in the advanced societies, do have the potential for accommodating a range of spheres of life such as private morality and economic activity within which individualism could flour ­ish, but which at the same time are held within a set of political institutions capable of securing.

Economic and environmental costs Essay

Technology is the development of physical equipment, their processes, skills and knowledge to make effective use these advancements. However the innovation of new technology comes with its disadvantages. Externalities are the costs or benefits that a use of a technology creates for a third party. Consequently, due to the mix of costs and benefits, the philanthropist- Kranzberg famously said: â€Å"Technology is neither good nor bad, nor it is neutral. † The externalities that I will pay the most emphasis on, are the negative unforeseen consequences of technological innovation. With the exponential growth of the population and the demand for technology becoming greater by the day, we are now dependent on technology. However social factors such as health issues, economic factors such as the costs of fuel alternatives and environmental costs of a decrease in biodiversity make technological innovation a controversial subject. Technological innovation was sparked by the industrial revolution, and we are still reliant on the same fossil fuels today. Due to incomplete combustion of the fuel, carbon particulates are released into the air. This is seen in not only the production of technology, but in transport too. Despite more cars becoming more fuel efficient, 99. 99% of all cars (1. 2bn worldwide) run on fossil fuels. Although some cars have catalytic converters, carbon particulates are released in the older cars. When consumed these particles can cause serious health issues such as asthma and in some cases lung disease. Serious health problems that can sometimes lead to fatalities. The automotive industry is worth over $1. 6 trillion, and provides 7. 25 million jobs. It has few economic costs, but due to the rise of TNC’s leakage occurs at an astonishing rate. With Audi, Germany, Ford and Mercedes outsourcing in Mexico. Mexico receives on average 0. 67% of profits from those 4 companies. The leakage benefits the economy of the source country, damages the environment of the host country and its economy. Due to the fact that fossil fuels are a finite resource companies have started to find different fuel alternatives. However these are very expensive therefore damaging the company’s economic state, whereas its aim is to increase its shareholder value. Due to almost 100% of cars using fossil fuels, they release 4. 4bn tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere each year accelerating the enhanced greenhouse effect. As not only does this push us closer to the tipping point, but it also is absorbed by water, making it acidic threatening marine life. Overall the development of technology in the automotive industry generally benefits the economy, and with more and more cars implementing tech to produce less particulates there will be less breathing problems. However the environmental cost is huge, with the vast amounts of C02 emitted each year, the worlds climate is becoming unstable. The Gene Revolution has lead to the development of genetically modified (GM) crops. This has increased yields of the crop, makes them more resistant to tough climates and can make them more nutritious. Making the crops more resistant to extreme conditions makes people dependent on these plants. However as they are more expensive to source, there has been the socio-economic impact of social polarisation- this is where the divide between the rich and the poor becomes more apparent. This is because the poorer farmers get less business, as they don’t have the GM crop to sell on, furthermore the lack of money creates the secondary impact of not being able to afford healthcare or education for example. Monsanto is the one of the largest TNCs in the GM crop industry, and is now worth $15bn. Like the other automotive TNC’s mentioned in this assignment leakage occurs as they have a 45% premium on their employees, so most money goes back to the host country. The green revolution spreads technology that hasn’t been implemented outside industrialised nations. Using fertilisers and pesticides on crops has transformed the agriculture industry, it most of the work done is to introduce modern irrigation systems and add chemicals to improve crop varieties and improve yields. This has led to less famine and has also contributed to the population growth (Increased from 4bn in 1930s when it was first introduced to 7. 125bn now). It has also caused many issues. The main social consequence is again health related as the consumption of these chemicals has lead to 1mn cases of pesticide poisonings in 2015 with 20,000 of these cases turning out to be fatal. Due to the world grain production increasing by 230% between 1950 and 2015, clearing out 2 million acres of rainforests for grain. This in turn has decreased biodiversity in those areas by on average 2. 45% consequently unbalancing the local food web. In addition to this, biodiversity decreases, as only one type of crop is grown-Monoculture, as this is the crop with the highest yield. This limits the amount of animals that can situate themselves in that area. The use of agrochemicals has led to eutrophication, while over use of irrigation has created salinization of soils and droughts. However for crops such as HYV rice, yields are low without these chemicals creating a dependency. The green revolution has shown the economical benefits of using chemicals, however, it has lead to many health related issues and threatens the life in the area due to bioaccumulation. Nevertheless due to its success farmers are dependent on these agrochemicals to provide for their family. Speaking of something we are dependent on, here s something some teenagers can’t live without: Mobile phones. The mobile phone industry is the fastest growing industry worldwide, with its worth in 2013 being $200bn, this year it has surpassed $410bn. In the last 44 years we have gone from no mobiles being available to 5bn phones sold since. With the introduction of the smartphone, communication with business, friend and family has never been quicker and easier. Due to mobiles using microwave radiation to send and receive messages, they slightly warm areas of your body that they are in contact with, which could cause mutations. Although it is not proven, there are correlations with phone usage with brain tumours and low sperm counts. My generation will be the first generation that has had mobile phones throughout their whole lives, and therefore the data collected about these health issues will be unprecedented. The externalities from the rise of mobile phones go under the radar. With the introduction of the smart phone, which can now do almost anything, many businesses have seen a decrease in sales as the phone has zoned them out. An example of this is the toy company Mattel, which has seen a $20 decrease in share price from 2013 to 2016 which correlates with the development of mobile gaming. Another example of this knock on effect is the 70% decrease in digital camera sales since 2009, due to phone cameras becoming better and better. With the amount of mobile devices set to exceed the human population in the next 5 years, production is going to be faster than ever. In 2015 it was estimated that mobile production released 36mn tonnes of C02 into the atmosphere, due to the requirement of fossil fuels to work and make the machines for production. The versatility of the smartphone has changed our lives, and business’ across the globe. However with its built in obsolescence, and the materials being hard to recycle, many mobiles are finding themselves on landfill sites harming the environment. Overall the economic impact of technological innovation is the greater than the other unforeseen consequences. The externalities it caused by the genetic, and the green revolution led to the secondary impacts of having a lack of money for healthcare and education. By damaging the potential of the future these technological innovations cannot be seen as sustainable. As this development creates the social polarisation, between the rich and the poor, it also further increases the difference between the North South divide, as the money from the TNC’s such as Audi sees 99% of their money go back to Germany, and 1 % stays in Mexico. The environmental concerns are the second largest in my opinion due to the huge amounts of carbon dioxide emitted, and how close we are to the global temperatures tipping point and the further consequences this has. Finally I put social concerns last as they are mainly short term, and should be solved by new technology in the next decade or two.